Post by vernonPost by Juhana Harju: No study has EVER shown that fats (other than hydrogenated) changes
: cholesterol in a body. No study has ever shown that eating
: cholesterol can raise cholesterol.
That is simply not true. Look at the Harvard review by Hu FB, Manson JE and
Willett WC. Types of dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease: a
critical review. J Am Coll Nutr. 2001 Feb;20(1):5-19.
NOT a study, just hype.
So much for believing anything Vernon says.
REFERENCES TOP
ABSTRACT
INTRODUCTION
MAJOR TYPES OF DIETARY...
NUT CONSUMPTION AND RISK...
INTERVENTION TRIALS OF DIETARY...
FISH AND MARINE N-3...
ALPHA-LINOLENIC ACID (ALA)
THE BALANCE BETWEEN N-3...
DIETARY CHOLESTERAL AND EGGS
CONCLUSIONS
REFERENCES
1.. Mokdad AH, Serdula MK, Dietz WH, Bowman BA, Marks JS, Koplan JP: The
spread of the obesity epidemic in the United States, 1991-1998. JAMA 282:
1519-1522, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
2.. Mokdad AH, Ford ES, Bowman BA, Nelson DE, Engelgau MM, Vinicor F,
Marks JS: Diabetes trends in the U.S.: 1990-1998. Diabetes Care 23:
1278-1283, 2000.[Abstract]
3.. Keys A: "Seven Countries: A Multivariate Analysis of Death and
Coronary Heart Disease." Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1980.
4.. Kromhout D, Menotti A, Bloemberg B, Aravanis C, Blackburn H, Buzina R,
Dontas AS, Fidanza F, Giampaoli S, Jansen A, et al.: Dietary saturated and
trans fatty acids and cholesterol and 25-year mortality from coronary heart
disease: the Seven Countries Study. Prev Med 24: 308-315, 1995.[Medline]
5.. McGee DL, Reed DM, Yano K, Kagan A, Tillotson J: Ten-year incidence of
coronary heart disease in the Honolulu Heart Program: Relationship to
nutrient intake. Am J Epidemiol 119: 667-676, 1984.[Abstract]
6.. Kushi LH, Lew RA, Stare FJ, Ellison CR, el Lozy M, Bourke G, Daly L,
Graham I, Hickey N, Mulcahy R, J K: Diet and 20-year mortality from coronary
heart disease: The Ireland-Boston Diet-Heart study. N Engl J Med 312:
811-818, 1985.[Abstract]
7.. Kromhout D, De Lezenne Coulander C: Diet, prevalence and 10-year
mortality from coronary heart disease in 871 middle-aged men: the Zutphen
Study. Am J Epidemiol 119: 733-741, 1984.[Abstract]
8.. Garcia-Palmieri MR, Sorlie P, Tillotson J, Costas Jr R, Cordero E,
Rodriguez M: Relationship of dietary intake to subsequent coronary heart
disease incidence: The Puerto Rico Heart Health Program. Am J Clin Nutr 33:
1818-1827, 1980.[Abstract]
9.. Gordon T, Kagan A, Garcia-Palmieri M, Kannel WB, Zukel WJ, Tillotson
J, Sorlie P, Hjortland M: Diet and its relation to coronary heart disease
and death in three populations. Circulation 63: 500-515, 1981.[Abstract]
10.. Morris JN, Marr JW, Clayton DG: Diet and Heart: a postscript. BMJ 2:
1307-1314, 1977.[Medline]
11.. Shekelle RB, Shryock AM, Paul O, Lepper M, Stamler J, Liu S, Raynor
Jr WJ: Diet, serum cholesterol, and death from coronary heart disease: The
Western Electric Study. N Engl J Med 304: 65-70, 1981.[Abstract]
12.. Pietinen P, Ascherio A, Korhonen P, Hartman AM, Willett WC, Albanes
D, Virtamo J: Intake of fatty acids and risk of coronary heart disease in a
cohort of Finnish men: The Alpha-Tocopherol, Beta-Carotene Cancer Prevention
Study. Am J Epidemiol 145: 876-887, 1997.[Abstract]
13.. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Giovannucci EL, Spiegelman D, Stampfer MJ,
Willett WC: Dietary fat and risk of coronary heart disease in men: cohort
follow up study in the United States. BMJ 313: 84-90, 1996.[Abstract/Free
Full Text]
14.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA,
Hennekens CH, Willett WC: Dietary fat intake and risk of coronary heart
disease in women. N Engl J Med 337: 1491-1499, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full
Text]
15.. Kris-Etherton P, Yu S: Individual fatty acids on plasma lipids and
lipoproteins: human studies. Am J Clin Nutr 65(Suppl): 1628S-1644S,
1997.[Abstract]
16.. Temme E, Mensink RP, Hornstra G: Comparison of the effects of diets
enriched in lauric, palmitic, or oleic acids on serum lipids and
lipoproteins in healthy women and men. Am J Clin Nutr 63: 897-903,
1996.[Abstract]
17.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA, Speizer FE,
Hennekens CH, Willett WC: Dietary saturated fat and their food sources in
relation to the risk of coronary heart disease in women. Am J Clin Nutr 70:
1001-1008, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
18.. Yu S, Derr J, Etherton TD, Kris-Etherton P: Plasma
cholesterol-predictive equations demonstrate that stearic acid is neutral
and monounsaturated fatty acids are hypocholesterolemic. Am J Clin Nutr 61:
1129-1139, 1995.[Abstract]
19.. Aro A, Jauhiainen M, Partanen R, Salminen I, Mutanen M: Stearic acid,
trans fatty acids, and dairy fat: effects on serum and lipoprotein lipids,
apolipoproteins, lipoprotein(a), and lipid transfer proteins in healthy
subjects. Am J Clin Nutr 65: 1491-1426, 1997.
20.. Mitropoulos KA, Miller GJ, Martin JC, Reeves BEA, Cooper J: Dietary
fat induces changes in factor VII coagulant activity through effects on
plasma free stearic acid concentration. Arterioscler Thromb 14: 214-222,
1994.[Abstract]
21.. Furguson J, Mackay N, McNicol G: Effect of feeding fat on
fibrinolysis, Stypven time, and platelet aggregation in Africans, Asians,
and Europeans. J Clin Pathol 23: 580-585, 1970.[Medline]
22.. Grundy SM, Bilheimer D, Blackburn H, Brown WV, Kwiterovich POJ,
Mattson F, Schonfeld G, Weidman WH: Rationale of the diet-heart statement of
the American Heart Association. Report of Nutrition Committee. Circulation
65: 839A-854A, 1982.[Medline]
23.. Sacks F: Dietary fats and coronary heart disease. Overview. J
Cardiovasc Risk 1: 3-8, 1994.[Medline]
24.. Dolecek TA: Epidemiological evidence of relationships between dietary
polyunsaturated fatty acids and mortality in the multiple risk factor
intervention trial. Proc Soc Exp Biol Med 200: 177-182, 1992.[Abstract]
25.. Keys A, Parlin RW: Serum-cholesterol response to changes in dietary
lipids. Am J Clin Nutr 19: 175-181, 1966.[Medline]
26.. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ: Quantitative effects of
dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 17: 281-295,
1965.[Medline]
27.. Lovejoy J, DiGirolamo M: Habitual dietary intake and insulin
sensitivity in lean and obese adults. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 1174-1179,
1992.[Abstract]
28.. Lovejoy JC: Dietary fatty acids and insulin resistance. Curr
Atheroscler Rep 1: 215-220, 1999.[Medline]
29.. Hu F, Salmeron J, Manson J, Stampfer M, Colditz G, Rimm E, Willett W:
Dietary fat and risk of type 2 diabetes in women [Abstract]. Am J Epidemiol
149: S1, 1999.[Medline]
30.. Abeywardena MY, McLennan PL, Charnock JS: Differential effects of
dietary fish oil on myocardial prostaglandin I2 and thromboxane A2
production. Am J Physiol 260: H379-385, 1991.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
31.. Jacobs D, Blackburn G, Higgins M, Reed D, Iso H, McMillan G, Neaton
J, Nelson J, Potter J, Rifkind B, Rossouw J, Shekeller R, Usuf S: Report of
the Conference on Low Blood Cholesterol: Mortality Associations. Circulation
86: 1046-1060, 1992.[Abstract]
32.. Posner BM, Cobb JL, Belanger AJ, Cupples A, D'Agostino RB, Stokes III
J: Dietary lipid predictors of coronary heart disease in men. Arch Intern
Med 151: 1181-1187, 1991.[Abstract]
33.. Esrey KL, Joseph L, Grover SA: Relationship between dietary intake
and coronary heart disease mortality: Lipid research clinics prevalence
follow-up study. J Clin Epidemiol 49: 211-216, 1996.[Medline]
34.. Mensink RP, Katan MB: Effect of dietary fatty acids on serum lipids
and lipoproteins: a meta-analysis of 27 trials. Arterioscler and Thromb 12:
911-919, 1992.[Abstract]
35.. Garg A, Grundy SM, Koffler M: Effect of high carbohydrate intake on
hyperglycemia, islet cell function, and plasma lipoproteins in NIDDM.
Diabetes Care 15: 1572-1580, 1992.[Abstract]
36.. Parthasarathy S, Khoo JC, Miller E, Barnett J, Witztum JL, Steinberg
D: Low density lipoprotein rich in oleic acid is protected against oxidative
modification: Implications for dietary prevention of atherosclerosis. Proc
Natl Acad Sci USA 87: 3894-3898, 1990.[Abstract]
37.. Aro A, Kardinaal AFM, Salminen I, Kark JD, Riemersma RA,
Delgado-Rodriguez M, Gomez-Aracena J, Huttunen JK, Kohlmeier L, Martin BC,
Martin-Moreno JM, Mazaev VP, Ringstad J, Thamm M, van't Veer P, Kok FJ:
Adipose tissue isomeric trans fatty acids and risk of myocardial infarction
in nine countries: the EURAMIC study. Lancet 345: 273-278, 1995.[Medline]
38.. Roberts TL, Wood DA, Riemersma RA, Gallagher PJ, Lampe FC: Trans
isomers of oleic and linoleic acids in adipose tissue and sudden cardiac
death. Lancet 345: 278-282, 1995.[Medline]
39.. Judd JT, Clevidence BA, Muesing RA, Wittes J, Sunkin ME, Podczasy JJ:
Dietary trans fatty acids: effects of plasma lipids and lipoproteins of
healthy men and women. Am J Clin Nutr 59: 861-868, 1994.[Abstract]
40.. Lichtenstein AH, Ausman LM, Carrasco W, Jenner JL, Ordovas JM,
Schaefer EJ: Hydrogenation impairs the hypolipidemic effect of corn oil in
humans. Aterioscler Thromb 13: 154-161, 1993.[Abstract]
41.. Mensink RPM, Katan MB: Effect of dietary trans fatty acids on
high-density and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels in healthy
subjects. N Engl J Med 323: 439-45, 1990.[Abstract]
42.. Zock PL, Katan MB: Hydrogenation alternatives: effects of trans fatty
acids and stearic acid versus linoleic acid on serum lipids and lipoproteins
in humans. J Lipid Res 33: 399-410, 1992.[Abstract]
43.. Willett WC, Ascherio A: Trans fatty acids: Are the effects only
marginal? Am J Public Health 84: 722-724, 1994.[Abstract]
44.. Nestel P, Noakes M, Belling Bea: Plasma lipoprotein and Lp[a] changes
with substitution of elaidic acid for oleic acid in the diet. J Lipid Res
33: 1029-1036, 1992.[Abstract]
45.. Sundram K, Ismail A, Hays KC, Jeyamalar R, Pathmanathan R: Trans
(Elaidic) fatty acids adversely affect the lipoprotein profile relative to
specific saturated fatty acids in humans. J Nutr 127: 514S-520S,
1997.[Medline]
46.. Utermann G: The mysteries of lipoprotein (a). Science 246: 904-910,
1989.[Medline]
47.. Katan MB, Zock PL: Trans fatty acids and their effects on
lipoproteins in humans. Annu Rev Nutr 15: 473-493, 1995.[Medline]
48.. Hokanson JE, Austin MA: Plasma triglyceride level is a risk factor
for cardiovascular disease independent of high-density lipoprotein
cholesterol level: a meta-analysis of population-based prospective studies.
J Cardiovasc Risk 3: 213-219, 1996.[Medline]
49.. Stampfer MJ, Krauss RM, Ma J, Blance PJ, Holl LG, Sacks FM, Hennekens
CH: A prospective study of triglyceride level, low-density lipoprotein
particle diameter, and risk of myocardial infarction. JAMA 276: 882-888,
1996.[Abstract]
50.. Hill EG, Johnson SB, Lawson LD, Mahfouz MM, Holman RT: Perturbation
of the metabolism of essential fatty acids by dietary partially hydrogenated
vegetable oil. Proc Natl Acad Sci 79: 953-957, 1982.[Abstract]
51.. Kinsella JE, Bruckner G, Mai J, Shimp J: Metabolism of trans fatty
acids with emphasis on the effects of trans, trans-octadecadienoate on lipid
composition, essential fatty acid, and prostaglandins: an overview. Am J
Clin Nutr 34: 2307-2318, 1981.[Abstract]
52.. Jones D: Trans fatty acids and dieting [Letter]. Lancet 341: 1093,
1993.
53.. Ascherio A, Katan MB, Zock PL, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC: Trans fatty
acids and coronary heart disease. N Engl J Med 340: 1994-1998, 1999.[Free
Full Text]
54.. Katan MB: Trans fatty acids and plasma lipoproteins. Nutr Rev 58:
188-191, 2000.[Medline]
55.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ: Nut consumption and risk of coronary heart
disease: A review of epidemiologic evidence. Curr Atheroscl Rep 1: 204-209,
1999.
56.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm GA, Colditz GA, Rosner B, Speizer
FE, Hennekens CH, Willett WC: Frequent nut consumption and risk of coronary
heart disease: prospective cohort study. BMJ 317: 1341-1345,
1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
57.. Fraser GE, Sabate J, Beeson WL, Strahan TM: A possible protective
effect of nut consumption on risk of coronary heart disease. The Adventist
Health Study. Arch Intern Med 152: 1416-1424, 1992.[Abstract]
58.. Sabate J: Does nut consumption protest against ischemic heart
disease. Eur J Clin Nutr 47: S71-S75, 1993.[Medline]
59.. Abbey M, Noakes M, Belling GB, Nestel P: Partial replacement of
saturated fatty acids with almonds or walnuts lowers total plasma
cholesterol and low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 59:
995-999, 1994.[Abstract]
60.. Spiller GA, Jenkins D, Gragen LN, Gates JE, Bosello O, Berra K, Rudd
C, Stevenson M, Superko R: Effect of a diet high in monounsaturated fat from
almonds on plasma cholesterol and lipoproteins. J Am Coll Nutr 11: 126-130,
1992.[Abstract]
61.. O'byrne DJ, Knauft DA, Shireman RB: Low fat-monounsaturated rich
diets containing high-oleic peanuts improve serum lipoprotein profiles.
Lipids 32: 687-695, 1997.[Medline]
62.. Willett WC: "Nutritional Epidemiology," 2nd ed. New York, NY: Oxford
University Press, 1998.
63.. Oliver MF: It is more important to increase the intake of unsaturated
fats than to decrease the intake of saturated fats: evidence from clinical
trials relating to ischemic heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 980S-986S,
1997.[Abstract]
64.. Sacks FM: Dietary factors. In Hennekens CH (ed): "Clinical Trials in
Cardiovascular Disease: A Companion to Braunwald's Heart Disease."
Philadelphia: W.B. Saunders, pp 423-431, 1999.
65.. Dayton S, Pearce ML, Hashimoto S, Dixon WJ, Tomiyasu U: A controlled
clinical trial of a diet high in unsaturated fat in preventing complications
of atherosclerosis. Circulation 40:(Suppl II): 1-63, 1969.[Medline]
66.. Turpeinen O, Karvonen MJ, Pekkarinen M, Miettinen M, Elosuo R,
Paavilainen E: Dietary prevention of coronary heart disease: The Finnish
Mental Hospital Study. Int J Epidemiol 8: 99-118, 1979.[Abstract]
67.. Frantz Jr ID, Dawson EA, Ashman PL, Gatewood LC, Bartsch GE, Kuba K,
Brewer ER: Test of effect of lipid lowering by diet on cardiovascular risk.
The Minnesota Coronary Survey. Arteriosclerosis 9: 129-135, 1989.[Abstract]
68.. Leren P: The Oslo Diet-Heart Study. Acta Med Scand 466(Suppl): 5-92,
1966.
69.. Leren P: The Oslo Diet-Heart Study. Eleven-year report. Circulation
42: 935-942, 1970.[Medline]
70.. Morris JN, Ball KP, Antonis A, et al: Controlled trial of soya-bean
oil in myocardial infarction. Lancet 2: 693-699, 1968.[Medline]
71.. Ball KP, Hanington E, McAllen PM, Pilkington TRE, Richards JM,
Sharland DE, Sowry GSC, Wilkinson P, Clarke JAC, Murland C, Wood J, Medical
Research Council Committee: Low-fat diet in myocardial infarction-A
controlled trial. Lancet 2: 501-504, 1965.[Medline]
72.. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM,
Elwood PC, Deadman NM: Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on
death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial (DART):
Lancet 2: 757-761, 1989.[Medline]
73.. deLorgeril M, Renaud S, Mamelle N, Salen P, Martin J-L, Monjaud I,
Guidollet J, Touboul P, Delaye J: Mediterranean alpha-linolenic acid-rich
diet in secondary prevention of coronary heart disease. Lancet 343:
1454-1459, 1994.[Medline]
74.. de Lorgeril M, Salen P, Martin JL, Monjaud I, Delaye J, Mamelle N:
Mediterranean diet, traditional risk factors, and the rate of cardiovascular
complications after myocardial infarction: final report of the Lyon Diet
Heart Study. Circulation 99: 779-785, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
75.. Singh RB, Rastogi SS, Verman R, Laxmi B, Singh R, Ghosh S, Niaz MA:
Randomised controlled trial of cardioprotective diet in patients with recent
acute myocardial infarction: results of one year follow up. BMJ 304:
1015-1019, 1992.[Medline]
76.. Arntzenius AC, Kromhout D, Barth JD, Reiber JH, Bruschke AV, Buis B,
van Gent CM, Kempen-Voogd N, Strikwerda S, van der Velde EA: Diet,
lipoproteins, and the progression of coronary atherosclerosis. The Leiden
Intervention Trial. N Engl J Med 312: 805-811, 1985.[Abstract]
77.. Watts GF, Lewis B, Brunt JNH, Lewis ES, Coltart DJ, Smith LD, Mann
JI, Swan AV: Effects of coronary artery disease of lipid-lowering diet, or
diet plus cholestyramine, in the St. Thomas' Atherosclerosis Regression
Study (STARS). Lancet 339: 563-569, 1992.[Medline]
78.. Ornish D, Brown SE, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Armstrong WT, Ports
TA, McLanahan SM, Kirkeeide RL, Brand RJ, Gould KL: Can lifestyle changes
reverse coronary heart disease? The Lifestyle Heart Trial. Lancet 336:
129-133, 1990.[Medline]
79.. Ornish D, Scherwitz LW, Billings JH, Brown SE, Gould KL, Merritt TA,
Sparler S, Armstrong WT, Ports TA, Kirkeeide RL, Hogeboom C, Brand RJ:
Intensive lifestyle changes for reversal of coronary heart disease. JAMA
280: 2001-2007, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
80.. Schuler G, Hambrecht R, Schlierf G, Niebauer J, Hauer K, Neumann J,
Hoberg E, Drinkmann A, Bacher F, Grunze M, et al.: Regular physical exercise
and low-fat diet. Effects on progression of coronary artery disease.
Circulation 86: 1-11, 1992.[Abstract]
81.. Haskell WL, Alderman EL, Fair JM, Maron DJ, Mackey SF, Superko HR,
Williams PT, Johnstone IM, Champagne MA, Krauss RM, et al.: Effects of
intensive multiple risk factor reduction on coronary atherosclerosis and
clinical cardiac events in men and women with coronary artery disease. The
Stanford Coronary Risk Intervention Project (SCRIP). Circulation 89:
975-990, 1994.[Abstract]
82.. Multiple Risk Factor Intervention Trial Research Group: Mortality
after 16 years for participants randomized to the Multiple Risk Factor
Intervention Trial. Circulation 94: 946-951, 1996.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
83.. Strandberg TE, Salomaa VV, Naukkarinen VA, Vanhanen HT, Sarna SJ,
Miettinen TA: Long-term mortality after 5-year multifactorial primary
prevention of cardiovascular diseases in middle-aged men. JAMA 266:
1225-1229, 1991.[Abstract]
84.. Brown BG, Zhao XQ, Sacco DE, Albers JJ: Lipid lowering and plaque
regression. New insights into prevention of plaque disruption and clinical
events in coronary disease. Circulation 87: 1781-1791, 1993.[Abstract]
85.. Newman WP, Propst MT, Middaugh JP, Rogers DR: Atherosclerosis in
Alaska natives and non-natives. Lancet 341: 1056-1057, 1993.[Medline]
86.. Middaugh J: Cardiovascular deaths among Alaskan natives, 1980-1986.
Am J Public Health 80: 282-285, 1990.[Abstract]
87.. Kromann N, Green A: Epidemiological studies in Upernavik District,
Greenland. Acta Med Scand 208: 401-406, 1980.[Medline]
88.. Bang HO, Dyerberg J, Hjorne N: The composition of food consumed by
Greenland Eskimos. Acta Med Scand 200: 69-73, 1976.[Medline]
89.. Hirai A, Hamazaki T, Terano T, Nishikawa T, Tamura Y, Kumagai A,
Jajiki J: Eicosapentaenoic acid and platelet function in Japanese. Lancet 2:
1132-1133, 1980.[Medline]
90.. Kagawa Y, Nishizawa M, Suzuki M, Miyatake T, Hamamoto T, Goto K,
Motonaga E, Izumikawa H, Hirata H, Ebihara A: Eicosapolyenoic acids of serum
lipids of Japanese islanders with low incidence of cardiovascular disease. J
Nutr Sci Vitaminol 28: 441-453, 1982.[Medline]
91.. Kromhout D, Bosschieter EB, Coulander C: The inverse relation between
fish consumption and 20-year mortality from coronary heart disease. N Engl J
Med 312: 1205-1209, 1985.[Abstract]
92.. Daviglus ML, Stamler J, Orencia AJ, Dyer AR, Liu K, Greenland P,
Walsh MK, Morris D, Shekelle RB: Fish consumption and the 30-year risk of
fatal myocardial infarction. N Engl J Med 336: 1046-1053,
1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
93.. Albert CM, Hennekens CH, O'Donnell CJ, Ajani UA, Carey VJ, Willett
WC, Ruskin JN, Manson JE: Fish consumption and the risk of sudden cardiac
death. JAMA 279: 23-28, 1998.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
94.. Morris MC, Manson JE, Rosner B, Buring JE, Willett WC, Hennekens CH:
Fish consumption and cardiovascular disease in the Physicians' Health Study:
a prospective study. Am J Epidemiol 142: 166-175, 1995.[Abstract]
95.. Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Stampfer MJ, Giovannucci EL, Willett WC: Dietary
intake of marine n-3 fatty acids, fish intake, and the risk of coronary
heart disease among men. N Engl J Med 332: 977-982, 1995.[Abstract/Free Full
Text]
96.. Burr ML, Fehily AM, Gilbert JF, Rogers S, Holliday RM, Sweetnam PM,
Elwood PC, Deadman NM: Effects of changes in fat, fish, and fibre intakes on
death and myocardial reinfarction: diet and reinfarction trial. Lancet 2:
757-761, 1989.[Medline]
97.. Gruppo Italiano per lo Studio della Sopravvivenza nell'Infarto
miocardico: Dietary supplementation with n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids and
vitamin E after myocardial infarction: results from the GISSI-Prevenzione
trial. Lancet 354: 447-455, 1999.[Medline]
98.. Harris WS: Fish oils and plasma lipid and lipoprotein metabolism in
humans: a critical review. J Lipid Res 30: 785-807, 1989.[Abstract]
99.. von Shacky C: n-3 fatty acids and the prevention of coronary
atherosclerosis. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 224S-227S, 2000.[Abstract/Free Full
Text]
100.. Kang JX, Leaf A: Prevention of fatal cardiac arrhythmias by
polyunsaturated fatty acids. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 202S-207S, 2000.[Medline]
101.. DeCaterina R, Liao JK, Libby P: Fatty acid modulation of endothelial
activation. Am J Clin Nutr 71: 213S-223S, 2000.[Medline]
102.. Goodfellow J, Bellamy MF, Ramsey MW, Jones CJ, Lewis MJ: Dietary
supplementation with marine omega-3 fatty acids improve systemic large
artery endothelial function in subjects with hypercholesterolemia. J Am Coll
Cardiol 35: 265-270, 2000.[Medline]
103.. Fleischhauer FJ, Yan WD, Fischell TA: Fish oil improves
endothelium-dependent coronary vasodilation in heart transplant recipients.
J Am Coll Cardiol 21: 982-989, 1993.[Medline]
104.. Neuringer M, Connor WE: n-3 Fattay acids in the brain and retina:
evidence for their essentiality. Nutr Rev. 44: 285-294, 1986.[Medline]
105.. Neuringer M, Anderson GJ, Connor WE: The essentiality of n-3 fatty
acids for the development and function of the retina and brain. Ann Rev
Nutr. 8: 517-541, 1988.[Medline]
106.. Nelson GJ, Chamberlain JG: The effect of dietary alpha-linolenic
acid on blood lipids and lipoproteins in humans. In Cunnane SC, Thompson LU
(eds): "Flaxseed in Human Nutrition." Champaign, IL: AOAC Press, pp 99-127,
1995.
107.. Bjerve KS, Mostad IL, Thoresen L: Alpha-linolenic acid deficiency in
patients on long-term gastric-tube feeding: estimation of linolenic acid and
long-chain unsaturated n-3 fatty acid requirement in man. Am J Clin Nutr 45:
66-77, 1987.[Abstract]
108.. Holman RT, Johnson SB, Hatch TF: A case of human linolenic acid
deficiency involving neurological abnormalities. Am J Clin Nutr 35: 617-623,
1982.[Abstract]
109.. Cunnane SC: Metabolism and function of alpha-linolenic acid in
humans. In Cunnane SC, Thompson LU (eds): "Flaxseed in Human Nutrition."
Champaign, IL: AOAC Press, pp 99-127, 1995.
110.. Adam O, Wolfram G, Zollner N: Effect of alpha-linolenic acid in the
human diet on linoleic acid metabolism and prostaglandin biosythesis. J
Lipid Res 27: 421-426, 1986.[Abstract]
111.. Renaud S, Nordoy A: "Small is beautiful": alpha-linolenic acid and
eicosapentaenoic acid in man [Letter]. Lancet 1: 1169, 1983.[Medline]
112.. Kang JX, Leaf A: Antiarrhythmic effects of polyunsaturated fatty
acids: Recent studies. Circulation 94: 1774-1780, 1996.[Free Full Text]
113.. Siebert BD, McLennan PL, Woodhouse JA, Charnock JS: Cardiac
arrthythmia in rats in response to dietary n-3 fatty acids from red meat,
fish oil and canola oil. Nutr Res 13: 1407-1418, 1993.
114.. McLennan PL, Dallimore JA: Dietary canola oil modifies myocardial
fatty acids and inhibits cardiac arrthythmias in rats. J Nutr 125:
1003-1009, 1995.[Medline]
115.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Wolk A, Colditz GA, Hennekens
CH, Willett WC: Dietary intake of alpha-linolenic acid and risk of ischemic
heart disease among women. Am J Clin Nutr 69: 890-897, 1999.[Abstract/Free
Full Text]
116.. Connor WE: Alpha-linolenic acid in health and disease [Comment]. Am
J Clin Nutr 69: 827-8, 1999.[Free Full Text]
117.. Garg ML, Wierzbicki AA, Thomson ABR, Clandinin MT: Dietary saturated
fat level alters the competition between alpha-linolenic and linoleic acid.
Lipids 24: 334-339, 1989.[Medline]
118.. Chan JK, McDonald BE, Gerrard JM, Bruce VM, Weaver BJ, Holub BJ:
Effect of dietary alpha-linolenic acid and its ratio to linoleic acid on
platelet and plasma fatty acids and thrombogenesis. Lipids 28: 811-817,
1993.[Medline]
119.. Kinsella JE: Effects of polyunsaturated fatty acids on factors
related to cardiovascular disease. Am J Cardiol 60: 23G-32G, 1987.[Medline]
120.. Kinsella JE: Food lipids and fatty acids: Importance in food
quality, nutrition, and health. Food Technol 42: 124-145, 1988.
121.. Nair SSD, Leitch JW, Falconer J, Garg ML: Prevention of cardiac
arrhythmia by dietary (n-3) polyunsaturated fatty acids and their mechanism
of action. J Nutr 127: 383-393, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
122.. Berry EM: Dietary fatty acids in the management of diabetes
mellitus. Am J Clin Nutr 66: 991S-997S, 1997.[Abstract]
123.. Krauss RM, Eckel RH, Howard B, Appel LJ, Daniels SR, Deckelbaum RJ,
Erdman Jr JW, Kris-Etherton P, Goldberg IJ, Kotchen TA, Lichtenstein AH,
Mitch WE, Mullis R, Robinson K, Wylie-Rosett J, St Jeor S, Suttie J, Tribble
DL, Bazzarre TL: AHA Dietary Guidelines Revision 2000: A Statement for
Healthcare Professionals from the Nutrition Committee of the American Heart
Association. Circulation 102: 2284-2299, 2000.[Free Full Text]
124.. Stamler J, Shekelle R: Dietary cholesterol and human coronary heart
disease. Arch Pathol Lab Med 112: 1032-1040, 1988.[Medline]
125.. Hegsted DM, McGandy RB, Myers ML, Stare FJ: Quantitative effects of
dietary fat on serum cholesterol in man. Am J Clin Nutr 17: 281-295,
1965.[Medline]
126.. Clarke R, Frost C, Collins R, Appleby P, Peto R: Dietary lipids and
blood cholesterol: quantitative meta-analysis of metabolic ward studies. BMJ
314: 112-117, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
127.. Howell WH, McNamara DJ, Tosca MA, Smith BT, Gaines JA: Plasma lipid
and lipoprotein responses to dietary fat and cholesterol: a meta-analysis.
Am J Clin Nutr 65: 1747-1764, 1997.[Abstract]
128.. McGill HC: The relationship of dietary cholesterol to serum
cholestrol concentration and to atherosclerosis in man. Am J Clin Nutr 32:
2664-2702, 1979.[Medline]
129.. Hegsted DM: Serum-cholesterol response to dietary cholesterol: a
re-evaluation. Am J Clin Nutr 44: 299-305, 1986.[Abstract]
130.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Manson JE, Rimm E, Colditz GA, Rosner BA,
Hennekens CH, Willett WC: Dietary fat intake and the risk of coronary heart
disease in women. N Engl J Med 337: 1491-1499, 1997.[Abstract/Free Full
Text]
131.. National Cholesterol Education Program: Report of the Expert Panel
on Population Strategies for Blood Cholesterol Reduction: Executive Summary.
Arch Intern Med 151: 1071-1084, 1991.[Medline]
132.. Krauss RM, Deckelbaum RJ, Ernst N, Fisher E, Howard BV, Knopp RH,
Kotchen T, Lichtenstein AH, McGill HC, Pearson TA, Prewitt TE, Stone NJ, Van
Horn L, Weinberg R: Dietary guidelines for healthy American adults: A
statement for health professionals from the nutrition committee, American
Heart Association. Circulation 94: 1795-1800, 1996.[Free Full Text]
133.. Hopkins PN: Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a
meta-analysis and review. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 1060-1070, 1992.[Abstract]
134.. Dawber TR, Nickerson RJ, Brand FN, Pool J: Eggs, serum cholesterol,
and coronary heart disease. Am J Clin Nutr 36: 617-625, 1982.[Abstract]
135.. Snowdon DA, Phillips RL, Fraser GE: Meat consumption and fatal
ischemic heart disease. Prev Med 13: 490-500, 1984.[Medline]
136.. Fraser GE: Diet and coronary heart disease: beyond dietary fats and
low-density-lipoprotein cholesterol. Am J Clin Nutr 59 (Suppl): 1117S-1123S,
1994.[Abstract]
137.. Gramenzi A, Gentile A, Fasoli M, Negri E, Parazzini F, La Vecchia C:
Association between certain foods and risk of acute myocardial infarction in
women. BMJ 300: 771-773, 1990.[Medline]
138.. Hu FB, Stampfer MJ, Rimm EB, Manson JE, Ascherio A, Colditz GA,
Rosner BA, Spiegelman D, Speizer FE, Sacks FM, Hennekens CH, Willett WC: A
prospective study of egg consumption and risk of cardiovascular disease in
men and women. JAMA 281: 1387-1394, 1999.[Abstract/Free Full Text]
139.. Sacks F, Salazar J, Miller L, Foster JM, Sutherland M, Samonds KW,
Albers JJ, Kass EH: Ingestion of egg raises plasma low density lipoproteins
in free-living subjects. Lancet 647-649, 1984.
140.. Hopkins PN: Effects of dietary cholesterol on serum cholesterol: a
meta-analysis and review. Am J Clin Nutr 55: 1060-1070, 1992.[Abstract]
141.. Willett WC: Is dietary fat a major determinant of body fat? Am J
Clin Nutr 67: 556S-562S, 1998.[Abstract]
142.. Roberts SB: High-glycemic index foods, hunger, and obesity: is there
a connection? Nutr Rev 58: 163-169, 2000.[Medline]
143.. US Department of Agriculture-US Department of Health and Human
Services: "Nutrition and your health: Dietary guidelines for Americans."
Homes and Garden Bulletin No. 232. Washington, DC: US Government Printing
Office, 2000.
begin 666 uarrow.gif
M1TE&.#EA"P`)`*(``-_I]H:***@E7O+[3[0!1NO___P```````"'Y! ``````
D+ `````+``D`0 ,66+K<SD,0$EX!+LY-K8U5HVWAR$U!`@`[
`
end
begin 666 dot.gif
M1TE&.#EA"P`)`( ``/___T)"2B'Y! ``````+ `````+``D`0 (,A(^I&;V/
(6H"TRHH*`#L`
`
end